On windless nights, what phenomenon leads to frost formation near the soil surface?

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Multiple Choice

On windless nights, what phenomenon leads to frost formation near the soil surface?

Explanation:
On calm, clear nights radiation cools the ground faster than the air can mix it away. Without wind to stir the air, the cooling creates a shallow temperature inversion, so a layer of freezing air settles right above the soil. This near-surface cold layer causes moisture to freeze on surfaces, producing frost. So the phenomenon is the development of that freezing air layer near the ground, which is why frost forms on windless nights.

On calm, clear nights radiation cools the ground faster than the air can mix it away. Without wind to stir the air, the cooling creates a shallow temperature inversion, so a layer of freezing air settles right above the soil. This near-surface cold layer causes moisture to freeze on surfaces, producing frost. So the phenomenon is the development of that freezing air layer near the ground, which is why frost forms on windless nights.

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