Describe head training.

• A. Vines are trained along wires with long canes.
• B. No pruning at all.
• C. Relatively little permanent wood consisting of the trunk, sometimes with a few short stubs, and can be spur-pruned or replacement cane-pruned.
• D. Typically a trunk and permanent horizontal arms; usually spur-pruned.

Answer: (C)

Head training creates a very small permanent structure: a short trunk with a compact head from which all growth arises. There is relatively little permanent wood, often just the trunk with a few short stubs, and the head is kept by spur-pruning or replacement cane-pruning. This matches the description of pruning back to a few short spurs or to one or more replacement canes, rather than extending long canes along wires or forming permanent horizontal arms. The other descriptions describe different training systems (long canes along wires or cordon with permanent arms) or no pruning at all, which doesn’t characterise head training.